Questions On Customer Needs And The Basic Requirements Of...

Answer 1.1 One item of Good is like PHONE 1) Customer Needs -: Needs are the basic requirements of the human beings. Every human being have their different needs like food , shelter , clothing etc. Phone plays a vital role in our daily life. Without Phone life become so boring. With phone we can contact anyone or anywhere. In today s life every person tries to fulfill their needs. 2) Customer Wants -: Every human beings have their own personal identity. Each person have their own taste , choice , culture and set of belief and values. For example - some customers want vegetarian food to satisfy their hunger like vegetarian curry , vegetarian salad , vegetarian pizza or burger. 3) Customer expectations -: Every customer have lots of expectation from the product that he/she wants to buy. For example - every customer expect that the phone he or she is going have lots of features and applications. The phone that they are going to buy have lots have function. One item of Service is like FOOD 1) Customer Needs -: Every customer prefer good quality food for their health. Customer always need hygeine food. They always want the food that will satisfiy his or her hunger. 2) Customer Wants -: Customers always want good quality food in cheap prices and quickly. 3) Customer Expectations -: Customers expect that food that they are going to eat will be good quality , fat free , oil free and quick service etc. One item of Idea is like IOS7 1) Customer Needs -: EveryShow MoreRelatedRitz Carlton1692 Words   |  7 Pagesquality. 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Continued and flowing success is the ultimate result in this type of work. 2.3 summarise the preparations that need to be made for external quality assurance activities Many preparations need to be taken into consideration by the EQA before external quality assurance activities may commence and take hold. These include: , including: information collection, communications, administrative arrangementsRead MoreThe Impact Of Agile Software Development Approach On Industry Comparison Of Different Agile Methods And Their Applicability1416 Words   |  6 Pagesthe software industry is progressing rapidly, software usage and demand is expanding. Software development is going to be more complex day by day. Changes requirements from the customers make it more difficult and complex. Old approaches of software development are no more useful in present scenario. They are not able to satisfy customers’ needs in given time [1]. As a result new approaches and methodologies are bringing evolved. These new approaches have more helpful to make a productive and flexibleRead More4dep747 Words   |  3 PagesActivity One This report intends to help in the understanding of the CIPD Human Resource Professional Map (HRPM). The HRPM was designed by the CIPD with the intention of helping the individual develop themselves as a successful Human Resource Practitioner, whilst providing a guideline to businesses, big and small. It highlights the professions and behaviours needed in order to progress successfully up the career ladder. It is broken down in to two central cores. * The first core is InsightRead MoreCareer Development Plan Part 2: Training Session1303 Words   |  5 PagesSession The next part of this career development plan will be able to address all of the training needs for those that had been picked to be a member of the team. This part of the training will be very beneficial in helping them to get to the attaining of the strategic objectives for the corporation. 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Give a few examples for each of these major reasons for design or redesign: Economic- low demand, excessive warrant claims, the need to reduce cost Social and Demographic-Read MoreMgt 330 Wk 3 Assignment1599 Words   |  7 Pagesperform food production duties or serve customers at the cash register. Dunkin’ Donuts crew members must also ensure operations excellence by adhering to the systems and standards of the store. Some operations duties include maintaining clean and organized workstation and ensuring a clean guest area. Crew members work in a team environment and must possess the ability to communicate effectively with managers and coworkers. Experienced crew members may also need to train or support training of new-hireRead MoreIndividual: Service Request Sr-Rm-022, Part 11192 Words   |  5 Pagesindirectly, including project participants and end-user areas affected by the project. (Bryce,2015) In the case of the manufacturing company Riordan, the project scope can be the request for service that contains the main problem with the department. The need for a new redesign for the HR department is the project sc ope. Riordan has identified the problem, so now the Feasibility Study has begun. Feasibility Study VS Business Plan A common misunderstanding is not knowing the differences between the Business

Propose a Job Specification for a Management Trainer Free Essays

The Management Trainer need to ensure the high level of customer services of the whole company and trainings have been delivered to relative staffs and performed in essential functions afterward. He / she is also responsible for the overall direction, coordination and evaluation of the training programmers. Accountable: He / she will be the management link of company, management and general staff. We will write a custom essay sample on Propose a Job Specification for a Management Trainer or any similar topic only for you Order Now He / she needs to make sure the programmers effective and suitable for those participate in the courses. Also, he / she is the one who control the training budget of company. Knowledge and Experience: – Educated to degree level, preferable in Psychological, Human Resources, Training or Business Administration. * The reason why need to hire a degree holder is to make sure he / she is appropriately trained and got enough knowledge to fulfill this position. – Over 10 years’ working experience in airline industry or customer services field, with more than 5 years relevant experience in development and management area is preferred. * To hire an experienced staff will provide a revelation of organization’s operations and their training. He / she may easily find the organization’s needs and provide the new solutions and trainings. – A consulting level in Human Resources and Training areas are welcome. * Desirable to hire a professional in training field. – Excellent presentation and communication skills with different levels of staff. * As he / she needs to do survey, interview, audit and analysis with different levels of staff, good presentation and ability to communicate with the others is very important for this position. Proficiency in written and spoken Chinese, Mandarin and English. As Cathy Pacific is a global airline, there are many different nationalities of staff. He / she will need to provide trainings in different languages – Chinese, Mandarin and English. So high level of written and spoken skills in these 3 languages is very important. – Excellent computer skills in MS Word, Excel and Powering. * Nowadays computers are used everywhere in business, especially this is th e position of management trainer, he / she must need to use different kinds of software to prepare training materials. Explanation of the various requirements proposed in Job Specification. Job Description: – Analyze the needs of different focus group of management through survey, programs that meet the management team’s learning needs across the customer services, administration services and marketing expenses. – Foresee the airline process risk and put the solutions into training programs. – Support the development of new technology then introduce and process the training. – Develop a close working relationship in between different departments to promote discussion and conversation on training. Assist the management to overview the operation team and make sure they have provide excellent customer services to our passengers. Management training is essential to Cathy Pacific as the most positive benefit is better employees. A development of management is part of the way to make improvement of the business. Also, good training is a good benefits package for management staff that can grow their loyalty of company and reduce the turnover rate. Through the training, employees can understand what are the company’s goals and set a clear objective to the staff under they managed. How to cite Propose a Job Specification for a Management Trainer, Papers

European Union Law

Question: Discuss about the European Union Law. Answer: The law of European Union is most efficient law which has got much success in legal supranational order. Twenty Seven states with membership are transferred under European Union Law with sovereign rights. Various states and territories are functioned with the operation of the law with several arts, regulations and articles ruled as per legal regulations. In the case scenario a case has been described where the migrant is needed permission to enter the state. Klaus is from Austria and he wants to live in UK permanently as he has accepted the offer of Blank Shire University in England as a professor of European Union law so he want to stay their permanently but the country is not allowing him and his family to stay there[1]. As per case scenario Klaus, Imelda and Katira deserves free movement of person act. At this case Klaus and his family should fight for their own rights. In concept of citizenship there are some European Union laws rights[2]. These rights are described in several articles. They have some citizenship concept of freedom act as follows: Art 20 TFEU (Art 17) - Here the concept describes, from which it declares that the person by whom the nationality in holder ship can be defined as Unions citizen. National citizenship should not be replaced. Rights of conferred by treaty should be enjoyed by the citizens. Art 21 TFEU (art 18) Here it is stated that the citizen of every state have right to reside and move with territorial freeness[3]. As rights of free movement as per union law can be applied by European Law, so it can be said that whenever a citizen is in any taboo then he or she can apply some rights of EU laws. In case of Klaus as he is a PHD law teacher in European Union law so he can apply those laws in his family. As his wages are less, so he wants social assistance for support of finance in his family. However when he is rejected by not allowing such compensation then in this case he can ask court in application of Right to receive service act. This is Article 56 (Art 49). As per this act Klaus can demand social support and assistance from UK government and they cannot reject it as per law. Directive 90/364 in social assistance of sickness insurance as per public political right in basis of the European Union law should be adopted in this case. In case of his wife Imelda, as she is a trained nurse in Philippines and worked in Australia for several years but when she applied to work in NHS as a nurse in UK public hospital, the UK government did not allowed her to work there because she is not EU citizen but still she can apply her rights for Workers Article 45 TFEU (formerly art 39). The free movement act can be prospected by this article. By this article she can claim the allowance for the job. Direct [4]2004/38 is ceased in the act as per European Union law for the worker who needs work in the city. Another case is the case of their daughter Katira. When she was 15 year old she went to France for a holiday to meet her fianc, but there she got arrested in conviction of allegation drugs taking and for that she is punished that she would not be allowed to enter France. In this case she can take help from European laws but she has to prove that she is innocent and has never taken drugs. She has to appeal in court for the right of established article 49 (formerly art 43). There are many other acts which should be followed if any citizen is restricted by any social rights. Those rights are, Right of establishment article 49 (formerly art 43); right to receive service article 56 (art 49), etc[5]. The right which should be applied for the case of Imelda, free movement of workers are allowed from one country to other for work purpose as per European Union law. This right secure the workers from community problems. Discrimination in the basis of nationality of workers employment as per other countrys basis should be abolished. This is stated in this law. Justified grounds public policies are entailed in this case. Moving freely from one territory to another is stated in the act[6]. For the case of Katira, Klaus and Imelda, rights of entry and residence directive 2004/38 should be derived as basis of Article 5. The prejudicial provisions should not be followed. The Union citizen should be granted to enter any of the territory with passport and identity card which is valid. Union citizens would be allowed to enter without any entry visa. But the persons family member requires entry visa according to Regulation (EC) No 539/2001 and in directive law residence card is also needed referred to Article 10. Every type of facility should be granted by member state for applying visa. This should be followed in the case of Katira. She should be allowed to enter in France with visa which is valid but any type of criminal record or allegation with which she is accused should be anyhow tried to be proved that she is innocent and she should get one chance to enter the country for some time as per her need. But things which are needed if not fulfilled then the person would be l iable to break the European law and in that case they would not allowed to enter the country and not only that if the valid identity card, passport and visa is not founded then they would be enforceable and would be punished under law[7]. According to article 6 right to residence would be for three months if the person is union citizen and from other territory. In this case visa is not necessary but passport and valid identity card is necessary. According to Article 7 if a person wishes to live more than three months then the Government will see either the person is self employed or not who seeks to stay there for more than three months. Not only that but they will also see that the resource of the person is sufficient or not for staying there. And authorised valid visa will also be checked in the case[8]. It can be defined that the person who wants permanent residence their can leave their home country and can co to another country with valid documents as per EU law. According to Regulation 492/2011 of article 7 equality of treatment should be done both for the person of the country and migrant to the country. The social taxes and other advantages of the country should be enjoyed in similar manner[9]. As per equal treatment of Directive 2004/38 of Article 24 the migrant host members and the countrys members should be given equal rights in basis of law. The migrant worker who has come from different countries has equal trade union right as per public law of European Union. As per workers family rights regulation 492/2011 and replacing regulation 1612/68 with the directive 2004/38 or retention residence the family of the worker has right to live with him or her. As in case of Klaus, as he is a migrant worker from Austria to UK. Here his family also has right to stay with him and discrimination should not be done. Not only that but the spouse and the children would also be allowed employment in the state[10]. As per Right to Remain act in Art 12-14 of Directive 2004/38 the migrant wo0rkers can stay permanently up to their retirement. If the state legal rules have not been followed by the peoples of the country then penalty or legal consequences would have to be given if any rule is violated. Article 27, 28 and 29 gives the custodial case with penalty which has to be given by the person who breaches the law[11]. If the laws and rules not followed for the entry of the country then some criminal convictions will be followed under the article where the person would be punished as per law. Twenty Seven states with membership are transferred under European Union Law with sovereign rights[12]. Various states and territories are functioned with the operation of the law with several arts, regulations and articles ruled as per legal regulations and it is very necessary to follow the rules and regulations. The rights and duties, both should be applied by every citizen as per law. To enjoy equality rights of any country or to lead a life without problem rules and regulations as per law should be implemented by every citizen. This is the duty of every citizen[13]. As per European Union law Klause, Katira and Imelda seeks the necessity to stay in the country of UK[14]. Imelda wants to be employed in the country and Katira wants to enjoy some days in France for holiday and no one of them are allowed as per law but if they use European Union law rights then their problems can be solved. In that law of freedom act with several articles and regulations has been stated as per rule[15]. But if the three of them in the related case violate any rules then criminal offence would be suspected and as per laws they would be punished. Especially in the case of Katina she is wrongly given allegation of drug taking in France[16]. So in that case it is very necessary for her to prove that the allegation given on her is totally wrong. If she proves that, than only she would get the entry to live in France for some days otherwise she would not be entertained with such kind of help at any legal basis[17]. The assignment has described the consequences of the law and the rights of the migrant from one country to another[18]. The European Union law not only stated the rights as per measured articles but has also shown the way by which many migrants who have came for work purpose are benefitted with equality in the country after coming from another country for their need[19]. The law of European Union is most efficient law which has got much success in legal supranational order received from different countries following the strict rules and regulation for the development of country following several acts, rules, articles, regulations and several other implementations for the help of citizens in the country and from the other country.[20] References: [1] Catherine Barnard and Steve Peers,European Union Law. [2] Nigel G Foster,EU Law(Oxford University Press 2010). [4] Margot Horspool,European Union Law(Oxford University Press 2006. [5] Thomas Wilhelmsson,Perspectives Of Critical Contract Law(Dartmouth 2003). [6] Jacek Przybojewski, 'Relations Of The European Union Law With Polish Legal Order' (2015) 2 Law and Administration in Post-Soviet Europe. [7] M. Bell, 'Equality And The European Union Constitution' (2004) 33 Industrial Law Journal. [8] Alina Kaczorowska,European Union Law(Routledge-Cavendish 2009). [9] John Cooper, 'Criminal Law Would LouiseS Life Have Been Safer In The Hands Of The English Legal System?' (2012) 1998 ac. [10] Margot Horspool,European Union Law(Oxford University Press 2006). [11] Penelope Kent,European Union Law(Sweet Maxwell 2003). [12] Rochelle Goldberg Ruthchild,Equality Revolution(University of Pittsburgh Press 2010). [13] Dagmar Schiek and Anna Lawson,European Union Non-Discrimination Law And Intersectionality(Ashgate Pub 2011). [14] Josephine Steiner and others,EU Law(Oxford University Press 2006). [15] Koenraad Lenaerts and others,EU Procedural Law 2014. [16] Erica Howard, 'EU Equality Law: Three Recent Developments' (2011) 17 European Law Journal. [17] Charilaos Nikolaidis,The Right To Equality In European Human Rights Law. [18] Nigel G Foster,EU Law(Oxford University Press 2008). [19] M. Bell, 'Equality And The European Union Constitution' (2004) 33 Industrial Law Journal. [20] Rainer Baubck, 'Why European Citizenship? Normative Approaches To Supranational Union' (2007) 8 Theoretical Inquiries in Law.

Socialist Realism Essays - Art Movements, Realism,

Socialist Realism The civil strife and chaos that had torn Russia limb from limb in the early 20th Century, although brutally devastating, did not hail the end of the stability and power that had characterized the massive country for so much of history. The continuing strength of what was now the Soviet Union lay in the newly formed support structure provided by Socialist Realism, a force that directed the awareness of, and the arts produced by, the Soviet people. The ideals of Socialist Realism deified Lenin and Marx, attributed the Bolshevik ranks with heroism undaunted by overwhelming opposition, and directed the proletariat towards a better future through reconstruction and industrialization of the state. Socialist Realism was essentially a Party tool that, combined with the Bolshevik ideals of collectivization and unity, would transform the people into a formidable, indestructible mass force. Socialist Realism's central code of conduct was, in Stalin's words, to "above all portray life truthfully." Any form of art that depicted Bolshevik life was to do so in a realistic and accurate manner, "on its way to socialism"; "that will be socialist art, that will be Socialist Realism." (Lincoln 333) This was the paradigm that all Soviet art was to be modeled after; implemented in 1934, the formula of Socialist Realism would heavily influence artistic life in the Soviet Union until the 1960s. The rise of Socialist Realism was rapid and dramatic. It dampened Europe's excitement over Russia's post-schism, secular art by redirecting art inward towards the Soviet people and forcing form and function upon it rather than abiding by the ideal of "art for art's sake." Once again, the ancient religious ideals of Orthodox Russia were shunned, and the Party replaced God at the forefront of Soviet life. The Party mimicked Socialist Realism as a model for the people, who were expected to take the example of their heroic yet humble forefathers and arise from the masses to submit themselves to the principles of Lenin, then confidently lead their comrades forward to a bright Bolshevik future where both nature and human opposition would bow to the power of the Soviets. Although the Soviet Union was markedly secular, it adopted Orthodox Russia's replacement of the individual with the collective. Many artists collaborated on gigantic pieces that depicted the immense size and grandeur of their unified country. Overwhelming all other artistic principles, Socialist Realism became synonymous with the state. It modified the past and the future by making both conform to reality and to Lenin's timeless ideals. Most importantly, it portrayed the Soviet Union's future as being filled with an unequaled prosperity that would forever shame capitalism and its proponents. However, much of the "reality" that Socialist Realism depicted existed solely in the minds of the Soviet people. Socialist Realism portrayed life only as the Bolsheviks wanted it seen, and in many ways created an idealistic world of fantasy that "overlooked massive failures" (Lincoln 335) such as the death and suffering that continued to prosper in labor camps throughout the country. Socialist Realism was Stalin's aesthetic cover-up of the horrid, truly real Soviet reality, and if an artist intentionally or accidentally ventured too far "behind the scenes" in his work, official confession and apology to the state did not always prevent him from being sent to one of many labor camps. Socialist Realism was largely effective in indoctrinating simple-minded men and women with Bolshevik ideals. Nowhere else was this practice more effective than in Soviet literature, which was directed towards the unsophisticated, newly literate masses rather than the intellectual elite. Much of this literature focused on the Russian Civil War and the immortalized heroes that were crucial to socialism's victory. It was meant to instill the proletariat with a nationalistic pride that would direct its minds and hearts towards the interests of the state. Because of their overwhelming prominence, the influences of Socialist Realism were nearly impossible to escape. One of the most paradigmatic, and also one of the first Soviet heroes was Vasilii Chapaev, a Red soldier killed in the Civil War and elevated to the status of legend through the efforts of Socialist Realism. The author Dmitrii Furmanov wrote a novel depicting Chapaev's exploits, which was made into a screenplay in 1934 and became one of the most effective products of Socialist Realism. The book, entitled Chapaev, glorified the efforts and persistence of Chapaev's comrades even in the face of overpowering opposition and thereby turned the Bolshevik cause into a heroic mission. The message of the novel was preserved even through the hero's death, which occurred during a moment of personal weakness and

What is the policy-making process Essay Example

What is the policy What is the policy-making process Paper What is the policy-making process Paper Policy-making process involves a linked series of actions or events1. It focuses on the way in which policy is made (process), rather than on the substance of policy itself and its consequences (product)2. In general, there are four main stages of the policy-making process, which are initiation, formulation, implementation and evaluation. The institutions or participants of policy-making process include political leadership, citizen participation or interest groups, legislature and legislators, bureaucracy and judiciary. In this essay, I will use the government policy to overcome traffic congestion in Singapore as a case study to illustrate the different stages. In my view, the implementation process is the most important stage in the policy process. Central to understanding policy-making process is the understanding of how decisions are made. Decision-making is a process that focuses on the people involved in the policy process and on the part of the process that deals with choosing among alternative course of action. This led us to the different theories of decision-making process: the Rational Actor Model (Rationality), the Incremental Model (Incrementalism), Bureaucratic Organization Models and the Belief System Model. The Rational Actor Model occurs in a very methodological, neat, problem solving process. Its features include the appraisal of problem, to identify the goals and rank order them, to canvass the possible alternatives, to consider the consequences of each alternative and finally to select the alternative that most closely matches the referred goals. In the Incremental Model, decisions are made through small or incremental moves on particular problems rather than through a comprehensive reform program. It is also endless because it takes the form of an indefinite sequence of policy moves. It focuses on making necessary changes and sees policy as variations of the past. In this model, the decisions are the product of bargaining. It implies that policy-making is a messy or untidy process of muddling through. The Bureaucratic Organization Models basically means getting into the Black Box. The organizational process model looks at values, assumptions and regular pattern of behavior in the organization. The policy itself is placed within the context of the organizations objectives, overall strategy and structures. The bureaucratic politics model involves bargaining between personnel and agencies. Lastly, there is the Belief System Model where the role of beliefs and ideologies and political values held by political parties and politicians determine what is to be done. Such ideologies often have the effect of excluding ideas, information and empirical evidence when they fail to support the political partys core beliefs3. The first stage of the policy-making process is initiation or agenda setting process. Agenda setting is the process by which problems and alternative solutions gain or lose public and elite attention4. It means getting problems to government. The participants of this process include governmental and non-governmental actors. The first component of initiation gets at the recognition of the problem with agenda setting. Without the perception of a problem, there is no incentive for the organization to disturb the status quo or to expend organizational energy initiating the policy process. A condition becomes a problem when we come to believe we should do something about them. A problem can be formally defined as a condition or situation that produces needs or dissatisfactions on the part of people for which relief or redress is sought5. Using the case study to illustrate this stage, traffic congestion (initially a condition) becomes a problem because it causes car owners to miss their appointments or be late for work. Traffic congestion is really a matter of time and money. Government or authorities need to solve the problem as it would save a lot of time and money and this would improve the welfare of the population as a whole. Government authorities like the Land Transport Authority (LTA) and academics suggest that traffic congestion may develop due to the size of vehicle population or limited amount of road space. The second stage of the policy-making process is formulation. According to Charles Jones, Formulation is a derivative of formula and means simply to develop a plan, a method, a prescription for acting on a problem6. In other words, formulation is a process of developing a plan or action to resolve a problem identified in stage one. It is about deciding what should be done, considering the alternatives and the actual drafting of legislation. In the case of the traffic congestion problem, the Chief Ministers, Cabinet and the Civil Servants are involved in the policy formulation. The roles of civil servants include information gathering, analyzing advising. They advise the Ministers the Cabinet for example on the cause of the problem, what options should be chosen how the policy should be developed. It thus gives them significant influences over policy formulation. The Ministers lack the expertise and time to perform many of these functions and are therefore dependent upon these Civil Servants. Next, the available options to solve the problem such as building more roads, widening existing roads or limiting vehicle use (by making it more expensive) are identified. Each of these options has benefits and costs. For example, building more roads involves financial costs, opportunity costs disruption to communities but provides more road space. After this, the option is finally chosen in this case study i. . to limit vehicle population by implementing the Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) system. The third stage is policy implementation. It involves those activities directed toward putting a program into effect7. Basically, it is concerned with putting the ideas of stage two into action. It is essentially a practical activity, as distinguished from policy formulation, which is essentially theoretical. The bureaucracy is the executive arm of this process. There are three sets of activities that the bureaucracy engages in order to execute a course of action over time. The top-level bureaucracy (Cabinet and Ministers) is involved in the interpretation activity i. e. the translation of program language into acceptable and feasible directives. The mid-level bureaucracy (Civil Servants) is involved in the organization activity i. e. the establishment of units and methods for putting a program into effect. The Street-level bureaucracy (Personnel of LTA) is involved in the application activity i. e. the routine provision of services, payments, or other agreed-upon program objectives or instruments. Returning to the case study, the Singapore government implemented the ERP system in 1999 to better manage road use. The Ministry of Transport, the LTA and the Subordinate Courts are involved in the implementation stage. Basically, the LTA sets the amount that motorists have to pay at different times of the day. Motorists who pass through an operational ERP gantry without a properly inserted Cash Card in the In-Vehicle Unit (IU), or with a Cash Card with insufficient balance to pay for the ERP charges, will have to pay an administrative surcharge plus the ERP charge within two weeks of the violation8. If the administrative charge and the ERP charge are not paid within this period, they will receive a Notice of Traffic Offence offering to compound the offence payable within 28 days9. Upon expiry of the Notice, the matter will be referred to the Court. There is also composition fine for passing through an ERP gantry without an IU. The final stage is policy evaluation. Given the imperfect nature of formulation and the contingent nature of implementation, a policy will meet with varying success. In the evaluation stage, analysts will return to evaluate the policy to determine whether it is producing the desired results, to recommend whether it ought to be modified, and even to determine whether resources should be shifted to other programs. The results of evaluation may suggest that the policy ought to be abolished or replaced with a new approach to the issue. This often-ongoing evaluation may well serve to set the agenda again, setting off another round through the policy process. Success itself has to be evaluated. For instance, the ERP system may be relatively effective in managing traffic conditions along major roads and within the central business district, but at the cost of reducing disposable income. This would in turn increase the cost of living the costs of businesses. The authorities might incur a backlash or criticism from the people. Therefore the costs and benefits need to be examined in every case. Side effects must be taken into account. The government can be seen to create its own problems, which then require new public policy to deal with them. The government may, for example, choose to cut down the steep prices of the ERP system or to widen existing roads. In my view, the implementation process is the most important stage in the policy process. It is an important but frequently overlooked step. Firstly, lacking proper implementation, policy innovation and selection may end up being little more than intellectual exercises. Indeed, faulty policy implementation can invalidate the earlier, carefully considered steps in the policy-making process and thereby intensify the original problem. This stage then, warrants our careful attention. Secondly, policy failures mostly occur at the implementation stage. This is because policy-makers have not paid enough attention to policy implementation. To identify the problems caused by implementation, one needs to first acknowledge the difference between non-implementation and unsuccessful implementation. Unsuccessful implementation is where the failure is in the policy or the theory it is based upon. This may happen due to insufficient resources, organizational complexity, inadequate planning, inflated aspirations and complex environments. Non-implementation is when a policy is not put into effect as it was intended. It could be that those involved in its execution are uncooperative or inefficient. Government influence on the interpretation and application of laws, rules and guidelines is seen to be diluted by the delegation of wide discretion to those actually carrying out the policies10. Besides, the government may leave it to the discretion of agencies and Civil Service departments. Hence, the problem of unclear objectives is noted. There is a need during the implementation stage for an understanding and agreement on clear objectives, which must persist throughout the implementation stage, for it to be successful. Thirdly, different implementing agencies may depend on other agencies for success. The smaller the number of relationships between agencies and the smaller their importance, chance of success would be greater. The more they depend on others the more inefficient they will become. In addition, administrators can face many obstacles outside their control, as they are external to the policy or the implementation process. Sometimes these can be put down to bad luck, like physical obstructions such as drought upsetting an agricultural program. Sometimes it may be political obstacles that get in the way, as with the public condemnation of the Poll Tax in Europe, leading to reforms in the policy cycle. However, this is not to say that the other stages of the policy-making process are unimportant. We still need to consider the relative importance of other stages as well because any policy failure may be due to the problems arising from these stages. Policy initiation is crucial in that it sets the political agenda by both defining certain problems as issues and by determining how those issues are to be addressed. Problem definition and policy formulation have contingent or dependent relationships. Problems need to be defined first before policy formulation on a particular course of action is made. As Charles Lindblom says Policy-makers are not faced with a given problem11. Policy-makers are constantly probing, searching and redefining problems and issues. Basically, how one diagnoses a problem would determine ones prescription. Formulation is also important because it includes a number of analytical steps such as the decision about how to decide, assessing the various options and selecting the best, and the actual drafting of legislation. It is the decision-making stage of the policy process. It is the most overtly political stage insofar as the many potential solutions to a given problem must somehow be winnowed down to one or a few picked and readied for use. Obviously, most possible choices will not be realized. Moreover, the policy-makers might get it wrong at this stage by choosing the wrong approach and this can result in policy failures which subsequently occur at the implementation stage. Policy success does require that policy be formulated upon a valid theory of cause and effect. Formulation should be based on adequate understanding of the problem; otherwise it can lead to reasoning of its effects which are very different from the eventual actuality. If policy does fail, it might be this underlying theory that is at fault. Undoubtedly, the evaluation stage is also important. This process is required as our understanding of social issues and the effect of government intervention is imperfect. We cannot be certain of the results a policy will bring or of the efficiency and success of implementing it. Therefore there is a need for evaluation in the policy-making process. It must be decided whether the policy meet the objectives it was designed for. Even when a policy has enjoyed some level of success it is unlikely that it will act as maintaining this level of improvement. It is more likely to lead to a continuation or modification of the existing policy. In conclusion, policy-making process is a long-term matter starting with the establishing of goals and moving through the selection of alternatives and to the implementation and evaluation of the solution. Nonetheless, policy-making is instead a complexly interactive process without beginning or end12. This process model is criticized as being too ordered, predictable and rational. In actuality, policy does not follow this sequential order of approach. Moreover, the boundaries between the different stages are blurred. For instance, policy implementation may lead to problem definition and policy evaluation is a constant activity. They are not restricted to a stipulated stage or time. In my view, the implementation process is the most important stage in the policy process, as a policy will remain as an idea if it is not implemented.

A Summary of South African Apartheid

A Summary of South African Apartheid Though youve likely heard about South African apartheid doesnt mean you know  its full history or how the system of racial segregation actually worked. Read on to improve your understanding and see how it overlapped  with Jim Crow in the United States. A Quest  For Resources The European presence in South Africa  dates back to the 17th century when the Dutch East India Company established the Cape Colony outpost. Over the next three centuries, Europeans, primarily of British and Dutch origin, would expand their presence in South Africa to pursue the land’s abundance of natural resources such as diamonds and gold. In 1910, whites founded the Union of South Africa, an independent arm of the British Empire that gave the white minority control of the country and disenfranchised blacks. Although South Africa was majority black, the white minority passed a series of land acts that resulted in them occupying 80 to 90 percent of the country’s land. The 1913 Land Act unofficially launched apartheid by requiring the black population to live on reserves. Afrikaner Rule Apartheid officially became a way of life in South Africa in 1948, when  the Afrikaner National Party came into power after heavily promoting the racially stratified system. In Afrikaans, apartheid means â€Å"apartness† or â€Å"separateness.†Ã‚  More than 300 laws led to apartheid’s establishment in South Africa. Under apartheid, South Africans were categorized into four racial groups: Bantu (South African natives), colored (mixed-race), white and Asian (immigrants from the Indian sub-continent.) All South Africans over the age of 16 were required to carry racial identification cards. Members of the same family often were categorized as different racial groups under the apartheid system. Apartheid not only banned interracial marriage but also sexual relations between members of different racial groups, just as miscegenation was banned in the United States. During apartheid, blacks were required to carry passbooks at all times to allow them entry into public spaces reserved for whites. This occurred after the enactment of the Group Areas Act in 1950. During the Sharpeville Massacre  a decade later, nearly 70 blacks were killed and nearly 190 wounded when police opened fire on them for refusing to carry their passbooks. After the massacre, leaders of the African National Congress, which represented the interests of black South Africans, adopted violence as a political strategy. Still, the military arm of the group did not seek to kill, preferring to use violent sabotage as a political weapon. ANC leader Nelson Mandela explained this during the famous 1964 speech he gave after being jailed for two years for inciting a strike. Separate and Unequal Apartheid limited the education the Bantu received. Because apartheid laws reserved skilled jobs for whites exclusively, blacks were trained in schools to perform manual and agricultural labor but not for skilled trades. Fewer than 30 percent of black South Africans had received any kind of formal education whatsoever by 1939. Despite being natives of South Africa, blacks in the country were relegated to 10 Bantu homelands after the passage of the Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act of 1959. Divide and conquer appeared to be the purpose of the law. By splitting up the black population, the Bantu could not form a single political unit in South Africa and wrest control from the white minority. The land blacks lived on was sold to whites at low costs. From 1961 to 1994, more than 3.5 million people were forcibly removed from their homes and deposited in the Bantustans, where they were plunged into poverty and hopelessness. Mass Violence The South African government made international headlines when authorities killed hundreds of black students peacefully protesting apartheid in 1976. The slaughtering of the students came to be known as the Soweto Youth Uprising. Police killed anti-apartheid activist Stephen Biko in his jail cell in September 1977. Biko’s story was chronicled in the 1987 film â€Å"Cry Freedom,† starring Kevin Kline and Denzel Washington. Apartheid Comes to a Halt The South African economy took a significant hit in 1986 when the United States and Great Britain imposed sanctions on the country because of its practice of apartheid. Three years later F.W. de Klerk became president of South Africa and dismantled many of the laws that allowed apartheid to become the way of life in the country. In 1990, Nelson Mandela was released from prison after serving 27 years of a life sentence. The following year South African dignitaries repealed the remaining apartheid laws and worked to establish a multiracial government. De Klerk and Mandela won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993 for their efforts to unify South Africa. That same year, South Africa’s black majority won rule of the country for the first time. In 1994, Mandela became South Africa’s first black president. Sources HuffingtonPost.com:  Apartheid History Timeline: On Nelson Mandela’s Death, A Look Back At South Africa’s Legacy Of Racism Postcolonial Studies at Emory University History.com: Apartheid - Facts and History

Payments and Finance Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Payments and Finance - Case Study Example by July 07, 2009 as per terms of contract between Alpha and Delta. This case is akin to the case of The Honorable Society of the Middle Temple v.Lloyds Bank Plc, and Another (1999) I All ER (Comm) 193, in which, the English agent of a foreign bank partook of a robbed crossed cheque and credited the proceeds into the account of a third party instead of the payee. This agent was held to have acted in negligence. The learned Court, distinguishing between the duties the agent owed to the third party vis-'-vis what it owed to its principal, especially when the agent was duty bound, under the ordinary course of business to take cognizance of its principals' instructions. Thus, under this case, the agent was held negligible for failing to take steps to protect the payee's interests. As the Court observed, "This was not so where the loss arose from the agent's negligence in the actual performance of the collecting bank's request." 1 Similarly, in this case too, Mega Bank could be held... The instructions from Royal Bank to Mega Bank were to credit Alpha's account with the advance money within a day and yet this was not done. The advance payment forms an integral part of the agreement between the seller and buyer, and the inability of the buyers to meet this clause, could, at the option of the seller, lead to cancellation of the contract. As a matter of fact, the entire contract hinges, at the initial stage of the contract, on the release of the advance payment of the contract down payment of '50,000 on the part of the buyers, and the inability on the part of the buyers to effectuate and confirm this payment by July 07, 2009 could, at the option of the seller, lead to nullification of the contract. The contract could be rendered void by seller due to non-receipt of the advance payment within stipulated time that is within July 07, 2009. In this case the contract does not stipulate when the buyer should pay in the money, but stipulates that it should be received by the seller within 7 days of the contract. In other words, it mandates the minimum time within which the payment has to be effected and before t he time, after which the contract may lapse. "The moment the agreed period of deferral came to an end, the requirement to pay arose." (Litigation letter, 2004, para.1). In the event the sellers, Alpha, cancels the contract, the buyers, Delta is at liberty to proceed against the bank that has committed the error, that is Mega bank. From the point of view of the Grande Bank in Paris they have acted according to instructions of the buyer client, Delta. They had debited the buyer's account and had, at the same time also sent a Payment Advice through SWIFT to its correspondent bank in UK, Royal Bank